"feedback" needs initialization vector

CBC mode links each plaintext block with the previous ciphertext block before encryption.

Each plaintext block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block before encryption, adding randomness and preventing patterns in the plaintext from being apparent in the ciphertext.

IV

CFB mode operates like a stream cipher, generating a keystream to XOR with the plaintext block before encryption.

One drawback of CFB mode is error propagation, if an error occurs in one ciphertext block, it will affect subsequent blocks.

CTR mode transforms a block cipher into a stream cipher by using a counter value as the input to the block cipher.

CTR mode is highly parallelizable and efficient, making it suitable for scenarios where performance is critical, such as disk and network encryption.

simplest, not safe

ECB is one of the simplest modes of operation for block ciphers.

A major limitation of ECB is that the same plaintext block produces identical ciphertext blocks that can be used for subsequent attacks, and patterns in the plaintext are visible in the ciphertext.

in 8bit

It is a method for switching a block cipher to a stream cipher, creating enciphering through interpolating the plaintext directly.

It produces a separate keystream, which will be the XOR with the plaintext to derive the ciphertext.