• "wasted storage space"
• Armstrong's Axiom
• Heath's Theorem
• SSN → { Name, DOB, Age }
• VIN → { Make, Model }
• { } →

X → Y { sets of attributes }

• "values of Y are determined by values of X"
• "Y is functionally dependent on X"
• "Y values originate from X"
• "Y values derive from X"